Fig. 2
From: Strategies for managing major diseases in Asian seabass aquaculture
Overview of symptomatology in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) arising from four major diseases caused by diverse pathogens in aquaculture settings. 1. Monogenean parasitism by Neobenedenia: A: An Asian seabass specimen exhibiting infection by Neobenedenia. B: Visible parasites on the fish's head. C: Neobenedenia parasites. D: Neobenia monogeneans observed via microscopy. 2. Big belly disease (BBD) triggered by bacterial infection: A: Healthy Asian seabass fingerling for comparison. B: Fingerling manifesting as BBD, characterized by an enlarged abdomen. C: Fingerling affected by BBD, displaying a darkened dorsal surface. D: Fingerling with BBD, showing symptoms not specified. 3. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection: A: Juvenile Asian seabass showing a darkened body due to ISKNV infection. B: Affected juveniles displaying symptoms of gill lamellar fusion, with the gills becoming pale and swollen. C: Signs of hepatic necrosis, liver inflammation, potential bleeding, kidney tissue necrosis, inflammation, and degradation. 4. Scale drop disease (SDD) induced by SDD virus: A: A maturing seabass infected with SDDV. B and C: Exhibiting lesions, scale loss, and cloudiness of the eyes. D: Presence of tail rot. E: Notable for scale loss on the abdomen