Table 2 Antigenic epitope peptides
From: Functional immunopeptides: advancing prevention and therapeutic strategies against animal diseases
Target antigen | Target gene sequences | Epitope type | Research progress | Experiment output | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSFV (swine) | Glycoprotein E2 | B-cell linear single epitope | In vivo experiment (vaccination and challenge) | - Single epitope-E2 fusion showed a significant increase of antibody anti-CSFV in pig and rabbit - Provided complete protection in rabbits against HCLV - Provided partial protection in pigs against virulent CSFV (40%) | |
B-cell linear quadruple epitope | - Displayed strong immunoreactivity with both anti-CSFV and anti-E2 sera - Provided complete protection in rabbits against HCLV - Provided complete protection in pigs against virulent CSFV (100%) | ||||
CyHV-1 (fish) | 1. ORF-25 2. ORF 136B 3. Major capsid | Multiepitope (B and T cell) | In-silico immune simulation | - Expected to induce a primary immune response - Expected to increase the concentration of helper T cells, CTLs, and plasma B cells - Expected to produce certain cytokines (IL- 23, IL- 10, IFN-γ, IFN-β) | (Rani et al. 2024) |
1. Capsid triplex 2. ORF104 3. Glycoprotein | |||||
JEV (swine) | Envelope (E) protein | Multiple-epitope (B-cell and T-cell epitopes) | In vivoexperiment (vaccination and challenge) | - Multiepitope-based vaccine induces a robust antibody response. Producing antibody levels similar to the inactivated JEV vaccine - Provided significant cytokine responses (IL- 4 and IFN-γ) that were comparable to the control vaccines at the highest dose - Induced high Nab titers - Provided complete protection (100%) in mice against lethal JEV | |
ASFV (swine) | E184L protein | Linear B-cell epitopes | Epitope identification using monoclonal antibodies E184L (A10, 2D2, 3H6, and 4 C10) | Identification of two highly conserved linear B-cell epitopes of the E184L protein across different ASFV isolates - 119-IQRQGFL- 125 recognized by mAb 1 A10 - 153-DPTEFF- 158 recognized by mAbs 2D2, 3H6, and 4 C10 | (Tesfagaber et al. 2024) |
PDCov (swine) | Structural proteins - Spike (S) - Envelope (E) - Membrane (M) - Nucleocapsid (N)) | T-cell epitopes, specifically SLA I-specific epitopes (swine leukocyte antigen class I) | Epitope identification and in vivo experiment | - Induced strong cellular immune responses specific to the epitope - Stimulated IFN-γ production in vaccinated piglets | (Wen et al. 2023) |
FMDV (swine and cattle) | VP1 protein (serotype A) | Linear B-cell epitopes | Epitope identification using - mAb 949 | - Identification of linear neutralizing B-cell epitopes of the VP1 protein - The region comprising residues 143–153 is highly conserved among different strains of serotype A FMDV | (Liang et al. 2016; W. Liu et al. 2017a, b; Ru et al. 2023; D. Yang et al. 2011) |
Conformational B-cell epitope | - mAb 6 C9 | Residues 135-YxxPxxxxxGDLG- 147 | |||
VP1 protein (serotype O) | Linear B-cell epitopes | - mAb 8E8 | The region comprising residues 145 to 154 is highly conserved among different strains of serotype O FMDV | ||
VP2 protein (serotype O) | Conformational B-cell epitope | - mAb 3D9 | Residues 89-GVYxxxxxxxAYxxxxW- 105 | ||
PEDV (swine) | Spike (S) protein | Conformational B-cell epitopes | Epitope identification using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAb) | Identification of two conformational neutralizing B-cell epitopes of PEDV S protein - 576–639 aa (C-terminus of COE epitope) - 435–485 aa (S1 A domain) | (Chang et al. 2019) |
Toxoplasma gondii (parasite) | ROP8 protein | Multiple-epitope (B and T-cell epitopes) | In vivo experiment (vaccination and challenge) | - Demonstrated a notable increase in anti-T. gondii antibody levels compared to the control groups - Exhibited a combined IgG1/IgG2a immune response, with a higher production of IgG2a - Vaccinated mice showed an increase in IFN-γ production, suggesting the activation of a Th1-type cellular immune response - Vaccinated mice experienced extended survival periods following exposure to T. gondii in comparison to the control groups | (Foroutan et al. 2020) |
Tembusu virus (duck) | Envelope (E) protein | Multiepitope (B and T-cell epitopes) | In vivo experiment in duck (vaccination and challenge) | Multiple epitopes significantly outperformed the control group in generating TMUV-specific antibody responses - The average neutralizing antibody titer in the vaccinated group reached 1:16, compared to a complete lack of such antibodies in the control group - The survival rate in the group that received the vaccine was more than double that of the control group, standing at 70% versus 30% | (Han et al. 2016) |
IBV (poultry) | - Spike (S) protein - Nucleocapsid (N) protein | Multiepitope (B and T-cell epitopes) | In vivo experiment in chicken (vaccination and challenge) | - Multiepitope vaccine provided 80%− 100% protection against the IBV challenge, compared to 0% in control groups - Higher antibody titers and stronger CD8+ T-cell proliferation response - Induced both neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses | |
Anthrax (bacteria) (cattle) | - Domain 4 of protective antigen (PA) - N-terminal of lethal factor (LFn) | Multiepitope (B and T-cell epitopes) | In vivo experiment (vaccination and challenge) | - Combination of T and B epitope showed comparable immunogenicity and protective efficacy to full-length PA protein - Elicited mixed Th1-Th2 immune responses - pProvided 80% protection in mice against challenges with virulent B. anthracis spores similar to full-length PA | (Aggarwal et al. 2019) |
Rabies virus | G protein | Linear neutralizing B-cell epitopes | In vivo experiment (vaccination and challenge) in mice and dog | - Induced neutralizing antibody titers of 9 IU/mL in dogs and 5 IU/mL in mice (28 dpi) - Showed 70–80% survival rate in mice | (Niu et al. 2016) |