Table 3 Immune modulation peptides
From: Functional immunopeptides: advancing prevention and therapeutic strategies against animal diseases
Type | Peptide/protein composition | Target receptor | Pathogen | Outcome | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ligand-conjugated peptides | IBV S protein+ Flagellin (TLR-5 ligand) SAPN | TLR-5 | Infectious bronchitis virus (poultry) | Flagellin enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses without additional external adjuvant | |
M2e+ Helix2 H5 N2 coassembly with flagellin (TLR-5 ligand) | H5 N2 Avian Influenza | - Induced a higher level of antibody - Increased cross-neutralizing activity | (Karch et al. 2017) | ||
FMP014 SAPN+ flagellin | Plasmodium falciparum | Increased cytokine release and immunomodulatory effect | |||
PRRSV GP5 (glycoprotein) protein+ fljB (flagellin) | PRRSV | Enhanced humoral immune response | (Xiong et al. 2015) | ||
PCV2 Cap VLP+ CSFV E2 protein | B-cell receptors | CSFV | - Enhanced antigen captured by APCs - Increased APC maturation - Increased cytokine production | ||
Adjuvant-like peptide | Cross-ß nano assemblies + M2e protein | - No specific target receptor - Activating TLR- 2/6 | Influenza A virus | - Increased specific antibody response - Increased innate immunity | (Al-Halifa et al. 2020) |
Recombinant protein consists of: - Thioredoxin (TRX) - Bursin (K-H-G) - Analog bursin (T-X-N-L) | - No specific target receptor - Stimulating B cells | Japanese encephalitis virus | - Stimuated Th1 and Th2 responses - Promoted B-cell proliferation | ||
Hybrid polypeptides consist of: - Bursin (K-H-G) - Gagnon (K-E-P-Y) | Infectious bursal disease virus | ||||
Thymosin α−1 (Tα1) in combination with E2 protein | - No specific target receptor - Stimulating T cells | CSFV | - Triggered T-cell maturation - Promoted lymphokines expression | (Y.-G. Xu et al. 2015) | |
Recombinant porcine IFN-ɣ | - No specific target receptor - Stimulating T cells | PCV2 | - Enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation - Induced humoral immune response | (Melgoza-González et al. 2023) | |
Recombinant flagellin (rFLA) | TLR-5 | Piscirickettsia salmonis | - Upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression - Activated T-cell | (González-Stegmaier et al. 2021) | |
H5 N1 AIV | Increased cell-mediated responses | (St Paul et al. 2014) | |||
Pam3 CSK4 (lipopeptides) | TLR-2 | H5 N1 AIV | Increased cell-mediated responses |