Table 5 Cell-penetrating peptides

TAT

(HIV-1)

GRKKRRQRRRYK

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) = Anti-gyrase A subunit gene (ttgcattatatg)

Streptococcus suis

(swine bacteria)

Bactericidal effect

(Zhu et al. 2024)

NLS-A (PCV2)

MTYPRRRFRRRRHRPRS

-

PK15, HeLa, NIH3 T3

Novel CPP peptides derived from PCV2

(Yu et al. 2018)

- CPP5

- TAT

- KLVPM

- YGRKKRRQRRR

Cre recombinase protein

Porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs)

Translocation of Cre protein across the plasma membrane of PFFs (transgenic pig)

(Kang et al. 2018)

Z12 (zebra protein)

KRYKNRVASRKCRAKFKQLLQHYREVAAAKSSENDRLRLLLK

ASFV protein p30, p54, and T-cell epitope

RAW264.7 cells

- Increase cellular uptake

- Induce neutralizing antibodies and good immunogenicity

(G. Zhang et al. 2021a, b, c)

VG21 (vesicular stomatitis virus)

VTPHHVLVDEYTGEWVDSQFK

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)

Vero

Hep-2

Cos-7

HeLa

Enhance cell internalization and biodistribution of gold nanoparticles

(Tiwari et al. 2014)

Penetratin (PEN)

RQIKIWFQNR RMKWKK

Porcine scFv (trans-bodies) against NSP1β-PRRSV

MARC-145

Increase cell internalization efficiency

(Thueng-In et al. 2023)

- CPP1

- CPP2

(BFDV)

- RRYRRRRRYFRKRR

- RRRRYARPYYRRR

-

DF-1 cells

CPP1 and 2 derived from beak and feather disease (BFDV) increase entry efficiency

(Sitinjak et al. 2023)

CD2v (ASFV)

KPCPPP

-

CHO (chinese hamster ovary)

Provide CHO cell internalization

(S. Yang et al. 2021)

CVP1-N2

(chicken anemia virus)

LKRLRRRYKFRHRRRQRYRRR

Apoptin gene

HCT116

Intracellular delivery vehicle

(Hu et al. 2020)

HA314 - 46

(HA protein of H5 N1 HPAIV)

TIGECPKYVKSNRLVLATGLRNSPQRERRRKKR

-

KU812

COS-7

Increase cell internalization

(Kajiwara et al. 2020)

AAV.CPP.16 (adeno-associated virus from macaques)

TVSALK

-

- HEK293T

- Blood‒brain barrier

Provide blood‒brain barrier penetration in nonhuman primates

(Yao et al. 2022)