Table 6 Antimicrobial peptides
From: Functional immunopeptides: advancing prevention and therapeutic strategies against animal diseases
AMP Name | Source | Structural Class | Target Pathogen/Activity | Mechanism of Action | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LFchimera | Bovine (derived from bovine lactoferrin) | α-helixes (chimeric peptide) | - Broad-spectrum gram-negative and positive bacteria - Fungi - Parasite - Biowarfare agents (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia pseudomallei) | - Membrane disruption/permeabilization - Intracellular targeting (for Burkholderia pseudomallei) | |
Bomidin | Bovine (bovine myeloid AMP-27) | α-helical | - Bacteria (12 species) - Enveloped viruses (SARS-CoV- 2, HSV- 2, DENV- 2, CHIKV) | Cell membrane disruption | |
- NK2 A - NK2B - NK1 - NK2C | Bovine NK-Lysin | Cationic α-helical | - Multidrug-resistant Salmonella - Mannheimia hemolytica - Staphylococcus aureus | Cell membrane disruption | |
BMAP-28 | Bovine cathelicidin genes | α-helical | - Mannheimia hemolytica, BHV-1, BRSV - Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Membrane permeabilization | |
Bactenecin-5 (bac-5) | Proline-rich | Mannheimia hemolytica | |||
WK2 | Derived from bacteriocin Leucocin A | β-sheet | |||
BSN-37 | Bovine (positions 2–38aa in the Bac5 sequence) | Proline-rich | Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. Salmonella, Escherichia coli) | Cell membrane disruption | (Y. Xu et al. 2023) |
Cp1 | Bovine αS1-casein | Not specified | E. coli, S. enterica, S. pullorum, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus | Membrane disruption/permeabilization | (Hou et al. 2018) |
LPcin-YK3 | Bovine milk (derived from lactophoricin) | Cationic amphipathic α-helical | - Gram-positive bacteria (L. innocua, S. aureus), - Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli) - Fungi (C. albicans) | Membrane permeabilization | (Kim et al. 2017) |
Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4) | Nile tilapia (fish) | Linear, Cationic, Histidine-rich | 1. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria - Escherichia coli - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Staphylococcus aureus - Riemerella anatipestifer strains 2. Enhanced phagocytosis in domestic chicken 3. Improved growth performance in domestic chicken | Cell membrane disruption | (Tai et al. 2021) |
LLV | LL-37 (human cathelicidin) | α-helical | 1. Broad-spectrum (gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, viruses) 2. Enhanced immune function in broiler chicken (dose at 100 mg/kg) | - Cell membrane disruption - Bacterial growth inhibition | (X. Liu et al. 2024) |
C2-2 | Chicken (derived from chicken CATH-2) | α-helical | Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (increased survival rates in MDR E. coli-infected chicken) | Cell membrane disruption | (Hao et al. 2024) |
cLFchimera | Camel milk lactoferrin | α-helixes (chimeric peptide) | Avian bacterial pathogens - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus epidermidis - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Escherichia coli - Salmonella enteritidis - Klebsiella pneumoniae | - Membrane disruption/permeabilization - Intracellular effects | (Tanhaiean et al. 2018) |
Fowl-1 (8–26)-WRK | Chicken (derived from fowlicidin- 1) | α-helical | Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Antibiotic-resistant strains - MRSA - MDRPA - VREF | Membrane disruption/permeabilization | (Rajasekaran et al. 2019) |
Metchnikowin II (MetII) | Drosophila | Proline-rich | Avian Pasteurella multocida | Enhances immune responses (adjuvant-like effect) | (MINGFU et al. 2023) |
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) | Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) | Cysteine-rich | - Gram-positive bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus - Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovars (Choleraesuis, Typhimurium, Enteritidis) | Cell membrane disruption | (Hong et al. 2019) |
Platelet-derived AMPs - HPAP - CaPAP - ChPAP | - Horse platelets - Cattle platelets - Chicken platelets | Not specified | - S. aureus - E. coli | Cell membrane disruption | (Vasilchenko et al. 2015) |
ChBac3.4 | Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) | Proline-rich | - Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae) - Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) | - Membrane disruption/permeabilization - Protein synthesis inhibition | (Kopeikin et al. 2020) |
Pm11 | Pleurocidin of Pleuronectes americanus (winter flounder) | Cationic α-helical | Bovine mastitis pathogens - Escherichia coli - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus agalactiae - Streptococcus uberis - Klebsiella spp. | - Cell membrane disruption - Induces morphological changes | (Popitool et al. 2022) |
- Melittin - Secapin-1 | Apis mellifera (honey bee) | Not specified | Capripoxvirus (SPPV, GTPV, LSDV) | Binds to DNA-directed RNA polymerase | (Mustafa et al. 2023) |
Aureocin A53 | Staphylococcus aureus A53 from pasteurized milk | N-formylated | - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus agalactiae - (both are related to bovine mastitis) | Cell membrane disruption | (Marques-Bastos et al. 2022) |
Microplusin | Cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | α-helical globular domain | - Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Micrococcus luteus) - Fungi (e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans) | Copper ion sequestration | (Silva et al. 2011) |
Ixodidin | Cysteine-rich peptide | - Micrococcus luteus (gram-positive) - Escherichia coli (gram-negative, less susceptible) | Proteinase inhibitory activities | (Fogaça et al. 2006) | |
Ctx (Ile21)-Ha | Brazilian frog (Hypsiboas albopunctatus) | α-helical and cationic peptide | Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR), Staphylococcus aureus, (MDR), Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | Cell membrane disruption (barrel-stave model) | |
No specific name - KGGDLGLFEPTL - FELPLGAG - CASALLGA | Chicken egg yolk | Random coil | S. aureus, B. cereus, S. typhimurium | Cell membrane disruption | (Pimchan et al. 2023) |
Gal-13 | Chicken | Cationic β-defensins 13 | E. coli, Enterococcus sp. | Cell membrane disruption | (Y. Wang et al. 2023) |
β-defensins1 | Chicken | Cationic β-defensins 1 | Eimeria sp. (coccidia) | Cell membrane disruption | (Mahmoud et al. 2023) |
A11 | Modified from acidocin J1132β (Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132) | α-helical | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | - Membrane disruption/permeabilization - Intracellular effects (DNA binding) | (Sengkhui et al. 2023) |
- P1 (NPSRQERR) - P2 (PDENK) - P3 (VHTAPK) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | - | Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) | Cell membrane disruption affecting MlaA-OmpC/F system | (Kathayat et al. 2021) |
RSRP | rabbit sacculus rotundus-derived | - | Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) | Reduced apoptosis and mast cell activation | (D. Wang et al. 2024) |
OaBac5 mini | Sheep neutrophils | Linear proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP) | Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. pullorum) | Modulates innate immunity through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway | (Shen et al. 2023) |
ABP | Chicken feathers | α-helix (64.30%) and β-sheet (33.40%) | Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Cell membrane disruption | (Alahyaribeik & Nazarpour 2024) |